Gibbera
Gibbera Fr., Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae) 1: 110 (1825).
Index Fungorum number: IF 2057; Facesoffungi number: FoF 12214, 50 morphological species (Species Fungorum 2022), 1 species with molecular data.
Saprobic on host. Sexual morph: Ascomata epiphyllous, scattered or gregarious, initially immersed, becoming erumpent, globose to subglobose, wall black, with a conspicuously papillate ostiole, surrounded by setae. Setae dark brown. Peridium 1-layered, composed of 1–2 rows of pigmented cells of textura angularis. Pseudoparaphyses rare, hyaline, septate, persistent. Asci numerous, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly cylindrical to somewhat obclavate, with a short, knob-like pedicel or pedicel lacking, each with an inconspicuous ocular chamber. Ascospores narrowly fusiform, hyaline when young, becoming pale brown when mature, overlapping to biseriate, uniseptate, the upper cells wider and shorter than the lower ones, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: unknown (adapted from description of G. kalmiae in Shen et al. 2020).
Type species: Gibbera vaccinii (Sowerby) Fr.
Notes: Gibbera is characterised by epiphyllous, scattered or gregarious ascomata, hyaline, septate, persistent pseudoparaphyses, broadly cylindrical to somewhat obclavate asci and narrowly fusiform, hyaline ascospores. Gibbera resembles Phaeocryptopus and Xenomeris in having erumpent basal stroma bearing the ascostromata which do not form superficial mycelium (Barr 1968). Sivanesan (1984b) provided an account of numerous extra limital species of Gibbera and their asexual state characterised by sporodochia, conidiophores arising from hypostromatic tissues that also produce ascomata. Sivanesan (1984b) placed the asexual morphic states of species of Gibbera in Stigmina, Virgariella and Dictyodochium. In its narrow concept, Gibbera comprises species with setose or nonsetose ascomata formed on an erumpent pulvinate hypostroma lacking free hyphae and conidiophores may be present (Barr 1989). Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) and Kirk et al. (2013) accepted Gibbera in Venturiaceae. Zhang et al. (2011) mentioned that Gibbera might be closely related to Capnodiales since Phaeocryptopus and Xenomeris belong to Capnodiales. In the multigene analysis of Zhang et al. (2011) based on SSU, LSU, TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2, G. conferta nested within the clade of Venturiales, while G. rosea clustered within Helotiales (class Leotiomycetes). Hyde et al. (2013) excluded Gibbera from Venturiaceae. Wijayawardene et al. (2014) listed Gibbera in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis. Zhang et al. (2011) and Shen et al. (2020) excluded Gibbera from Venturiaceae based on its narrowly fusoid ascospores, asci with furcate pedicel, Dictyodochium, Stigmina-like and Virgariella asexual morphs. Sequence data is lacking for Gibbera. Fresh collections with authentic cultures and DNA sequence data are needed to confirm the generic placement of Gibbera.
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