Glyphium
Glyphium Nitschke ex F. Lehm., Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 50: 139 (1886).
Index Fungorum number: IF 2095; Facesoffungi number: FoF 08127, 6 morphological species (Species Fungorum 2022), 2 species with molecular data.
Saprobic on host. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial to semi-immersed, erect, seated upright in subiculum, scattered or gregarious, ligulate to dolabriform, bivalve shell-like, ascoma wall carbonaceous, shiny black, surface transversally striate, apex compressed, and opening by a long slit. Subiculum present, tufts of hyphae growing down from the base anchoring to substrate. Asci bitunicate, 8-spored, long cylindrical-filiform, mostly long stipitate. Paraphysoids numerous, branched, anastomosing, septate. Ascospores filiform, tapering towards the obtuse ends, yellowish, multiseptate, constricted or not at the septa, fasciculate, spirally wound, not separating into part spores in the ascus. Asexual morph: Unknown (adapted from Lorenzo & Messuti 2005).
Type species: Glyphium dolabriforme (Wallr.) F. Lehm.
Notes: Glyphium is characterised by superficial to semi-immersed, erect, dolabrate to ligulate in outline ascomata, generally with subtending hyphal strands, long cylindrical-filiform, mostly long stipitate asci and filiform, yellowish ascospores, tapering towards the obtuse ends. Zogg (1962) originally placed Glyphium in Lophiaceae. Barr (1990) reinstated the former name Mytilinidiaceae (Kirschstein 1924) over Lophiaceae. Lindemuth et al. (2001) and Lumbsch et al. (2005) provided the first sequence data for Glyphium (CBS 268.34), from the rhizoidal strands and subiculum subtending the ascoma. Lindemuth et al. (2001) and Lumbsch et al. (2005) showed that Glyphium did not belong to Mytilinidiaceae and transferred it to Chaetothyriales, in Eurotiomycetes based on SSU, LSU, mtSSU and mtLSU sequence data. This was followed by subsequent authors (Lücking et al. 2004, Schmitt et al. 2005, Geiser et al. 2006, Kodsueb et al. 2006). In the phylogenetic analysis of Gueidan et al. (2008), Tsuneda et al. (2011) and Réblová et al. (2013), CBS 268.34 was positioned within the genus Knufia. Boehm et al. (2009) provided molecular phylogeny of Mytilinidiaceae based on LSU, SSU, TEF-1 and RPB2 and did not accept Glyphium in Mytilinidiaceae but included it in the key to species to facilitate identification of morphologically similar taxa. Boehm et al. (2015) collected fresh specimens of G. elatum and G. grisonense and provided a phylogenetic tree based on six gene regions namely LSU, SSU, mtSSU, TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2 and reported that Glyphium belongs to Patellariales (Pleosporomycetidae, Dothideomycetes). Boehm et al. (2015) summarized the nomenclatural history of Glyphium and provided a key to species. G. elatum, the type of the genus and G. tillandsiae have ascospores that remain entire while G. corrugatum, G. grisonense and G. schizosporum have ascospores that disassociate into part-spores (Zogg 1962, Sutton 1970, Boehm et al. 2015). Glyphium corrugatum, G. grisonense and G. schizosporum have been reported to have Peyronelia asexual morph (Lohman 1933, Sutton 1970, Goree 1974) while the asexual morph of species with intact ascospores is unknown. Glyphium encompasses species with erect, carbonaceous ligulate to dolabrate ascomata that are strongly laterally compressed and dehisce along a longitudinal slit. Members of Glyphium are delineated based on whether the ascospores split into part-spores within the ascus (Boehm et al. 2015). Glyphium resembles Lophium in having carbonaceous ascomata that are strongly laterally compressed and erect, more or less converging lateral walls that extend perpendicularly to a conspicuous longitudinal apex (Boehm et al. 2009). Glyphium is also similar to Lophium in having a fragile, thin-walled, scleroparenchymatous periderm, comprising cephalothecoid plates, narrow trabeculate pseudoparaphyses and fissitunicate cylindrical asci with a narrow ocular chamber. Glyphium is a distinct genus in Patellariaceae. More taxa with DNA sequence data will help to clarify the relationship of Glyphium with other genera in Patellariaceae. Molecular markers available for Glyphium include ITS, LSU, SSU, RPB2 and TEF-1.
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